Zara International

The management at Zara International is using some elements of classical management approaches to run their organization. Scholars view classical management approaches on the premise that people are rational. The company combines the three elements of classical management approaches like scientific management approaches of Fredrick Taylor, administrative principles of Henri Fayol, and bureaucratic organization of Max Weber (Schermerhorn and Wright, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Zara International specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Zara International has a clear division of labor. The company employs more than two hundred designers to help it keep up with high demands and to eliminate delays. This results into the specialization for its workers, which have extremely increased the company’s turnaround time. The use of principal of order (there is a place for everything and all things should be in their place) is driving Zara International complex system of just-in-time production and inventory reporting that keeps it a head of competitions. The distribution centers can have items across the three continents of America, Asia and Europe between 24 to 48 hours. There is no single organization which can succeed when there is no discipline. The success of Zara International is only possible through its discipline work force. Zara time management skills allow it workers to coordinate their design, production, distribution, and retail sales to optimize the flow of goods and retain their profit. They make a business sense by coordinating and integrating as many supply chains as possible. Workers take the initiative and do the work with zeal and energy. Zara International has achieved success because it has adopted the classical management approaches. They have workers with the right ability for the jobs such as the designers and the management team. The organization carefully plans the work and smoothes the way for workers as they implement management decisions. The company also possesses clear hierarchy of authority. People can see the company’s hierarchy of authority from its command of the supply chain. The company’s management team also uses behavioral management approaches. These approaches assume that people are social and self-actualizing. Zara International is a successful fashion industry. If we take into account the behavioral management approaches, then several factors influence the success of the company (Robbins and Coulter, 2010). The management runs Zara International as a community. Management team and workers work together to ensure record breaking time in fast fashion industry. The company combines the talent of designers, sales team, production team, distribution team, and top level management to ensure seamless production and distribution. Their supply chain is efficient to enable them save on resources. The management allows various supply chains to cooperate with each other in order to achieve integration of interests (Christiansen, 2000).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Management allows workers to participate in their jobs. They have more job involvements, freedom, and a sense of responsibility. This involvement creates favorable conditions for workers to satisfy their self esteem and self-actualization needs. The company is growing fast and expanding to new regions. This sense of success makes Zara International employees behave as expected with initiative and high performance. The workers have self-fulfillment experiences in their duties. Competitions have singled out the performance of Zara International. Workers will perform as anticipated because of the expectations created by their competitions. Zara International employees are able to experience high sense of moral due to positiv e comments from competitions and clients. In conclusion, Zara International management team does not adopt all the management approaches. However, they exemplify best practices in management. The article does not focus on issues of workers compensation, benefits and rewards. Therefore, this study cannot draw a conclusion of management approaches based on issues of compensations and rewards. References Christiansen, J. (2000). Building Innovative Organization: Management Systems That Encourage Innovation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. John, R. S., Barry, W. (2011). Management, Second Canadian Edition. Toronto, Canada: John Wiley Sons. Stephen, P. R., Mary, C. (2010). Management (11 Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. This case study on Zara International was written and submitted by user Abbie D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS GOVERN essays

WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS GOVERN essays To fully explain the conditions governing Classical Greek Theatre it is first necessary to go back in history to understand its origins. Greek Theatre was born over 2,500 years ago 2,000 years before Shakespeare in its earliest form it took the form of religious rites, involving songs and dances acted out in honour of the gods, and was performed only by priests and followers of the gods. Over the course of time up to approximately 600 BC, these rites slowly evolved into the Classical Greek Theatre that we recognise today. At this point the rites were formalised around THE DITHYRAMB an ode to the god DIONYSUS the god of wine, fertility and nature things close to hearts of the people of that time the Dithyramb being usually performed by a chorus of 50 men, five from each of the tribes of Attica. The CHORUS is a central part of Classical Greek Theatre - It was the means by which the message of the play was poetically communicated to the audience. The Dithyramb gradually evolved from simply praise of Dionysus into stories, tragedies and comedies, much like our modern plays. Of course every play needs a leading actor, and the first man to take such a role was THESPIS OF ATTICA, who became the protagonist in Athenian plays of the time. In removing himself from the Chorus and coming forward to perform the leading roles, which would inevitably involve him in taking the part of a god, he must have been the first recorded person to be guilty of HUBRIS a man considering himself to be the equal of the gods. His name gave rise to the name by which the actors of today are sometimes known THESPIANS. The plays of this time were performed in the great AMPHITHEATRES these were open air theatres the word theatre being derived from the Greek THEAT...

Ethical Decision for business case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Decision for business case - Essay Example Whilst it is the case that there is a degree of religious freedom in China, all events must be at a state sanctioned religious venue and have the approval of the government. As Gao had no such approval from the government he was arrested and imprisoned for over a month. Upon his release, Gao returned to work however he only had a note from the Chinese police stating that they had held him for three days and had subsequently been released without trial. The quandary lies in the fact that the Chinese partner in the joint venture wanted Gao fired however it is the case that whilst Gao may have violated Chinese religious laws three provisions in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights indicate that everyone has a right to freedom of thought & religion, wither alone or in community with others. Moreover the charter also indicates that all people have the freedom of opinion & expression and that everyone has the right to peaceful assembly and association. As such moralisti cally, Gao was not in violation of any of the protocols as enforced by the Chinese government. The case is further complicated insofar as it is the case that if the American firm were to support Gao it is likely that they will loose a very close ally in the Chinese market and the principle of relationship management in China (Guanxi) is crucial to having a commercial success in the nation. A number of moral complications are presented in this case. Firstly there is the issue of maximizing shareholder value vs. the moral obligation the company has to protecting their employees. If theoretically, Chrysler were to refuse to fire Gao it is likely that they would loose millions of dollars in capital and ultimately may fail in the Chinese market. If Chrysler were to ally with their Chinese partners and fire Gao, it is likely that they would foster a harmonious relationship with the Chinese Communist party as well as their business partners however they would

Historical Figure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical Figure - Essay Example As a function of understanding these contributions, this brief paper will seek to categorize and elaborate on but a few of the contributions to the field of nursing that Florence Nightingale has affected. After her rise to notoriety and prominence during the Crimean War, Nightingale used her newfound fame and influence not for selfish purposes or to enrich her own life. Rather, she established St Thomas’ Hospital of professional nursing in London. As a function of this, she ultimately laid the framework for the way in which modern nursing education would be administered and provided within an entirely new system. Although a great deal has changed since the establishment of St Thomas’ Hospital, the basic tenets of the nursing profession as lain out by Nightingale have remained almost entirely unchanged. Nightingale was also someone who was far ahead of her own time with regards to the understanding of the way that society and social consciousness, class, race, and gender ultimately affected the way in which individuals integrated with understandings of their own health and ways in which to better it (Stanley et al 2012). At a time in which common Victorian understandings of class, gender, and race frowned upon dealing with any group differently than established norms would dictate, Nightingale went out of her way to create and distribute key health information, pamphlets, give lectures to the disenfranchised populations that she saw within her midst. Whereas the understanding of the different ways in which the healthcare practitioner should be mindful of the unique and peculiar needs that different ages, education levels, classes, races, and ethnicities might require has been something that has only come to a degree of prominence within the medical community within the past 30-40 years, Nightingale predated this by nearly an entire century. As such, classifying her as a powerful visionary who was socially motivated to not only administer to the phy sical needs of her patients but also take part in socially conscious work that needed to be done cannot be understated. A further contribution that Nightingale has given to the field of nursing is her background in statistics and mathematical analysis. Her father, himself a very progressive man of the times, insisted that his daughter should be a well rounded and fully educated young woman. As a function of this, Florence Nightingale took a particular interest with relation to the study of mathematics and statistics. This fascination and interest carried over into her desire to benefit humanity. In such a way, Nightingale was among the first people to actively integrate statistics, graphs, bar charts and a range of other mathematical implementations into the field of nursing. Whereas these had been used in medicine since the time of the early Greeks, they had not carried over into nursing; an oversight which Nightingale saw certain to correct (Schiller 2011). One would have a very h ard time indeed imagining a world of current nursing in which careful documentation and statistical analysis of patient progress, condition, and pharmaceutical intakes were not recorded and analyzed. As such, one can see that the contributions that Nightingale made in

Teaching Third Grade Students Art Appreciation Essay

Teaching Third Grade Students Art Appreciation - Essay Example Jerrold Levinson in his book The Pleasures of Aesthetics proposes the characterization of aesthetic pleasure as "pleasure in an object is aesthetic when it derives from apprehension of and reflection on the object's individual character and content, both for itself and in relation to the structural base on which it rests" (Levinson, 1996, p. 6). In other words, learning to appreciate a piece of art aesthetically is to appreciate its forms, quality, value and meaning while at the same time observing the way it relates to its surrounding environment. In order to appreciate art and experience the aesthetic pleasure associated with it, students of the third grade should be taught the elements and principles of art. Elements of art comprise line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space. Line is a moving point which creates an identifiable path. It is one-dimensional, varies in length, width and direction and is used to define the edge of forms. Lines can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, curved, wide or narrow. Shape is two-dimensional having height and width whereas form is three-dimensional having height, width and depth. Form can be depicted in art by use of lines and shading. Color is the light reflected off objects. The brightness or darkness of color used by artists to create various moods is called value. Texture refers to the surface quality of an object. This is achieved visually in two-dimensional pictures by the use of forms and colors so that the viewer comprehends the way the object would feel in real life. Spac e in art creates an illusion of depth. This is achieved by using perspective drawing techniques and shading (The Elements of Art, 2008). Third grade students are familiar with lines, shapes and form. They enjoy drawing basic shapes and lines and using it in their own creations. Mixing colors to get new ones can be taught so that they can experiment with primary secondary, tertiary colors, shades and tints. The value of the color, texture and space can be introduced to children at this level. The basic principles of art can also be successfully taught in the third grade. The principles are movement, unity, variety, balance, emphasis, contrast, proportion, and pattern (Elements of Art, 2008). Emphasis refers to the points of interest in the picture while balance is a sense of stability achieved by repetition of shapes. Contrast is combining different elements to create points of interest. Variety in a piece of art is introduced by using various shapes and textures. Movement is the creation of action using the elements of art in such a manner as to guide the viewer's eye throughout the picture. Pattern or rhythm is a type of movement created in the picture by repeating shapes and colors. Using dark and light colors alternately can also create rhythm. The relationship between the sizes of various objects in the picture is called proportion. Unity or harmony gives the picture a complete and uncomplicated look (Rider). Third graders can be guided to recognize these principles in the works of renowned painters and apply them in their work. Methods for Teaching Third Grade Students Appreciation of Art Children can be taught to appreciate art using various methods. However, the methods used should be interesting and simple so that the curiosity to experiment with art is aroused in the child. Children should also be able to relate their experiences with art to daily life and academic studies.

The Patriot Movie Historical Accuracy

The Patriot Movie Historical Accuracy The first thing I would say about the movie is that almost everyone watches the movie. People watch all types of movie including action movies, adventure movies, comedy movies, and many other categories, but when it comes to the history movies, people do not think if the story of the history movie is a truly based on our real history or it is just filled with bunch of fiction. People usually guestimate that every history movie is a part of a real history but the reality is that almost every single history movie contains at least little bit of fiction in it to make it great story and to keep the audiences attention. Moving on to the main point, to prove it wrong that not every history movie is truly a part of the real history, I watched the movie called the Patriot and in this paper I will compare the story of the Patriot with real history to figure out if the movie contains a true story of history or is just a filled with fiction. Let me start my giving brief summary of the movie Patriot. This movie is about Benjamin Martin who was father of seven children and he declines an offer to fight for the Continental army. However, as soon the battle ground reaches his front yard and consequently enough his fifteen years old son named Thomas is killed by Colonel Tavington who was the main opponent. In result of this, Benjamin joins the army and creates his private army of rag tag farmers and farmworkers. His armys main goal was to keep General Cornwallis in the state of South Carolina by strategically cutting down his supply and army. Their progress were effective however, later in the story Martins another son named Gabriel became victim to the same colonel that killed his oldest son Thomas. This causes a last battle in the movie between Martin and Tavington. And at the end of this battle, Martin kills Tavington which also helps led the Continental army to victory. (prezi.com) In the movie, during the scene of the last battle it shows that soldiers were holding up the several American flags but in reality, the vast majority of the flags used by the Continental army represented where their militia is from. Another scene in which Benjamin is giving a store clerk a money in which you can see that he is giving five dollar note with Abraham Lincoln on it and this cannot be true because this movie took place more than eighty years before he was elected as a president. Also that during the time of American Revolution men usually saluted by taking their hat off and lowering their hat to the side, then they would put it back on. While in the movie, Gabriel simply salutes by putting his hand on his hat. In the movie all the continental soldiers seem to have same outfits and the British are burning down a church which is full of people. While in the reality everyone in the continental army had very different clothing and there has never been found a historical record which showed that British burned the church. (prezi.com) In the movie there are many factual errors. For example, in the beginning of the story, during the town hall meeting Burwell was saying that we killed 700 of enemy at the Bunker Hill and they were just kept coming, but in reality they killed 226 of them. Also according to the book Down and Out in Early America, it was extremely impossible in the 1776 that a southern plantation owner could easily operate a successful plantation which run by free men who worked by wages. It would be nearly impossible to compare this plantation owner which someone who used slaved as the work force. Also that Benjamin Martin seems to be a principles man in the movie but in reality he killed Indians just for fun and was known for rapping his slaves. Therefore, I would say that all of these things did not appear or they changed it just to make Benjamin Martin good character in the movie regard less of reality. In one scene Benjamin Martin shoots a British troop who was on the moving horse using a flintlock gun at the range of about hundred yards. It clearly seems fake because bullet from powder gun would not travel this much of distance also that traveling of this much distance and hitting moving target would be very difficult with modern guns. (sbroome) In the movie, Lord Cornwallis is portrayed as very old man, which is incorrect because during the time frame of this movie in 1780, General Charles Lord Cornwallis was in his forties. To be more descriptive, based on my research I found that Cornwallis was born in London on December 31, 1738 and according to that year he would be six years younger than George Washington. Moving to the next point, in the scene where aunty charlotte takes in the children after their family home was burned and destroyed, her hair was down. My point is that during the time frame of the movie, women only wore hair down only during sickness or bedtime. Women always pinned up their hair during the day and evening, while they were out in the world therefore, I would say that they this is clear fiction. (About.com) In the battle scene where Benjamin is watching through the farmhouse window and we can see that Redcoats bayonet charge the Rebels. The soldiers ran across several hundred yards of open ground while Redcoat army was well trained army. During that time troops were very important therefore it was not good idea that parts of the troops would simply running around across the battlefield. In reality, they would have charged Bayonets and move towards the enemy. When they are about fifty yards away they would have marched quickly and slow enough to remain a line. This would process would made possible to have control over direction in the case where needed to changed or to cancel the order. And when the troops reach very close then troops could engage the enemy. (sbroome) In another scene in which Gabriel returns to the Martin plantation with sword wound from Battle of the Waxhaws, he said that Gates ordered them to march straight at the redcoats. In reality, Gates was not present nor the commander at the battle of Waxhaws. Furthermore, they were marching away when the British attacked. (sbroome) In this movie, I would say that they tried to trick us, when the British break-in to the Charlottes plantation, Tavington was searching for the child that was hiding under the table and when Tavington looks beneath the table to check if anyone is hiding under or not and at the same time, Nathan moved out from the underneath the table on the right side and Tavington did not see him. The tablecloth on the table hangs several inches from the floor so when Tavington tried to look child under the table he should have seen the Nathan from the gap that was between the table cloth and floor but he did not saw the child. Based on this point, it is clear that in this movie they tried to trick audience. (sbroome) The final battle in the movie is the battle of Cowpens and it seems very big battle while in reality, only twelve American died and was mostly cavalry affair and it was all over in less than an hour. During this battle there was scene in which cannonball comes from enemy side and it rolls on the ground and cuts the leg off of a number of soldiers in its path, in which we can clearly see that one of the soldiers leg falls apart well before the ball even touch his leg. Also in this battle Tavington and Martin seems fighting where Martin first attack Tavington with a pointing tool on the end of the musket. And he also attacks into Tavingtons throat right after first attack and we can see that Tavington was falling on the ground but in the next attack we can see him still standing. The last scene was very confusing so it was hard to made sense. (sbroome) During the American Revolution British were the masters of the sea. But in the movie they had played with natural laws. During the scene of party where we can see that British ship was blown up in the harbor. But the laws of physics describe that behind each action there is an equal and the opposite reaction. When the ship was targeted and destroyed we see the big explosion with fire spreading all over the ship. However, although there was explosion on the ship, ship remains in its original position in the water thus, it did not moved side to side or sank in the water it is impossible because based on physics law ship should have been moved or sunk in the water. As we can determine that some of the scenes were not accurate therefore, there is no drought that story of this movie would include fiction. (Marts.com) I also figured geographical error in the movie, in the scene in which Benjamin and his two of the younger sons were running and passing through the woods to interrupt the British who captured their older brother. They seem jumping and hiding around the rocks to get in position. While in South Carolina it was never glaciated in the part of the area where this story took place. In another scene where Tavington is looking for Martins children at the Charlottes plantation, Susan seem to look out the window covered with venetian blind. The Venetian blinds was not invented until the 1800s or roughly 100 year after the timeframe of the movie. To be more descriptive, the recorded invention of blinds is holds by man from Chile named Hernando de Venuto and it was invented on May 20, 1857. (sbroome) Almost every knows that slaves did not like white people during the time of revolution or any time during the slavery therefore, in the one scene after their home was destroyed, Benjamin Martin send his family and his friends family to a slave colony and they were welcomed there and had little celebration there in the result of arriving of Benjamin Martins family. My point is that they should not have been welcomed to their colony because during that time there were very few slaves colonies existed and salves did not liked the white people. (chccs.k12.nc.us) In conclusion, I would say that even though the movie Patriot includes many fictional story in it but the director of this movie did many of the twist in the real history to make it look more interesting to audiences and make story remember. This movie also gives audiences at least little bit of feeling about American Revolution war. Although I found many errors in the movie it contains very important part of our history and by watching this movie, people can learn more about our history and try to remember it as our past.

USA Today: Innovation and Evolution in a Troubled Industry

1) What Opportunities in the marketing environment did Gannett seize in launching USA Today? How did the company learn about and respond to the opportunities? Answer these same questions for USATODAY. COM On its debut in 1982, USA Today was reckoned as America’s first National general-interest daily newspaper. Being the global information juggernaut that he is, Gannett managed to identify a gap in the market that he identified as an opportunity for the leading to-be newspaper of the united States. The opportunity was the void gap in the market. Attention to the business traveler was the least attended to which gave Gannett the opportunity to target such a sector and be the leading supplier of such traveler needs in terms of information. The launch of USA Today was based on two perspectives; the increasingly short attention span as well as the continuous hunger for more information. With both perspectives in mind, the paper was positioned to be a source of information that delivered â€Å"more news in less time†. In response to their customer needs, and the opportunistic gap in the market, USA Today was designed to be a unique paper with easy access to articles and concern for their time-pressed readers through the introduction of columns and snippets that presented the most salient topics of the story. In addition to their colorful contemporary look, USA Today’s ability to be dependably consistent added great value to the paper that lead to a stuttering over-a-million circulation in just seven months. In an era when most of the major media outlets were suffering from a decline in readership, USA Today enjoyed continuous growth. To offset the rising distributional and promotional costs, USA today ventured in introducing spin offs to increase demand of the print sector. USA. com was one of Gannett’s spin-offs of responding to the information market in relativity to the greater global market. When everyone considered the Internet boom to be the start of an end to the newspaper industry, Gannett managed to transform that threat into an opportunity. Due to an increase in the newsprint cost, associated with a decrease in the readership rates, USA online was a way to increase readership by offering more ways of satisfying the reader base and ensuring that the mission of USA Today was to be maintained. It capitalized and tried to keep pace with communication and technological breakthroughs to maintain its element of dependable consistency. In response to their commitment of â€Å"getting news and information into the hands of consumers faster than ever before†, USA. om endorsed blogs and podcasts to keep customers engaged as well as introducing I-phone, Blackberry and Kindle applications to keep up with the emerging trend of portable technology. 2) How has a continuous strategy of marketing innovation proved successful for USA today and USA. COM? Do you believe that USA today is well-positioned for the future? Explain Since USA Today’s launch, it has ensured the continuous consistency and dependability of the nature o f the material, as well as a commitment to continuous innovation. Ever since its start, USA today has been engaged in continuous improvement and betterment in what they offer to their readers. One of their main focus in their cycle of innovation was keeping the customer engaged in the reading process as well as listening and hearing for their demands. Regarding product innovation, they managed to keep the paper exciting and indulging to the reader in many different ways. For starters, their major innovative design was reducing the size of the paper from 54 to 50 inches, which made the paper more satisfying in terms of size and mobility of use. There was also a shift in the quality of news from a soft-focused newspaper to a more serious hard-focused newspaper. This was a very important move to the paper as it ensured readers of the quality of news they’re reading and also responded to the critiques of reporters calling USA Today â€Å"Mc Paper† which could have negatively affected the readership rates for the way readers could have perceived themselves as targets of â€Å"junk food journalism†. Further methods of keeping readers attached to the paper included the introduction of the two hotlines that erved to the queries of readers. Regarding their promotional efforts, after ensuring the success of USA today on a State scale, they aimed at increasing the awareness scope of USA today not only on a National level, but on an international level as well. They introduced the Buscapade to increase awareness in other states, while the Jetcapade was introduced to increase awareness internationally. Both approac hes were the start of profitability for USA today, where readership rates increased as well as awareness on both a national and international level. One of their most successful promotional efforts was blue chip circulation, which not only reaped profits from hotels, airlines and restaurants, but ensured exposure to a greater part of the target market and a raise in the level of awareness. Another move was advertising at the front page. Since its start, USA Today was based on untraditional aspects. Although criticized by many, it nonetheless appealed to its target market that continued to grow. Advertising on the fist page, although sacredly non-valued, and could have imposed a threat on the paper; sabotaging its image of credibility and consistency. Yet again, it acted as a leverage that further increased the profits of the paper Distribution was also one of the factors that would make or break the paper’s mission of delivering timely news. One competitive advantage the paper had over competitors was its ability to offer more up-to-date news three to four hours before competitors. That was because they permitted later deadlines which was further implemented when production became totally digital which gave writers and publishers greater flexibility and later deadlines, and at the other hand readers enjoyed earlier delivery times. In a market with threatening competitors such as The New York Times and wall street journal, USA Today was bound to failure if it weren’t for its innovative excellence in its product and promotion along with its dedication to keep engaging the customers in the paper experience by trying to cater for as many needs as possible, and competing with an edge that sets it apart from its competitors. One of USA Today’s product innovations later on became not an just another additional co-asset, but a leading internet-based companion to the USA Today print version. A threat can only be transformed into an opportunity among a number of competitors when one takes a lead regarding how to deal with such threat. Once you get a lead start, you’re in better opportunistic shape than the competitors. As much as the internet boom imposed a threat at the paper industry, co-opting with the decline in sales and advertising revenue, USA Today used the threat and transformed it into an opportunity by introducing usatoday. com, which was an online version of the print, designed in the same colorful, appealing manner. It yet had to maintain the same mission and vision of the print version in terms of the quality of material and framework, and respond in the same dedication to customer interests and further engagement. Although different from the original print version, usatoday. com ensured its existence and profoundness in the new market through continuous updates and innovative ways to stimulate readership and cut distribution expenses. It employed blogs and podcasts to ensure the relevancy of news to readers, as well as categorizing and aggregating news on the Internet. It also allowed advertisers to expand their online space by using â€Å"PointRoll† which acted as a leverage that helped advertisers direct consumers to merchants. To further cater for the readers needs, usatoday. com capitalized on the emerging trend of portable technology by launching applications that serve I Phone, Blackberry and kindle users. They also catered for social media tools fanatics which as indicated by internal sources were drivers for page view increases such as Facebook, MySpace and Twitter. To further nourish the reader’s needs, they made room from readers to search for their unique interests and further bond with similar individuals. For example, they introduced â€Å"network journalism† which was a tool that allowed readers to comment and make recommendations. The previous example shows the necessity for an entity to continuously satisfy its customers and think of more innovative ways to help users develop attachment and brand loyalty. USA Today, being the entity that it is, is apparently well positioned for the current period. Ever since its debut, it has managed to maintain a proper and sturdy positioning among its competitors, with its competitive innovation and continuous responses to the evolving market. But at such point, when Internet has taken over the greater part of our lives, one has to ponder over the validity of the current positioning of USA Today. If it maintains the way its positioned for another five to ten years, it will be bound to close down for the trend is going further towards a digitally internet based era, where there will be no room for the traditional print version to compete. Its positioning should gradually and not instantly completely shift to an internet focus. The reason it should be done gradually is due to the fact that there still is a great part of readership that prefers the print. Instantly shifting to the internet would result in losing a great part of customers which USA Today wouldn’t want. The shift should be gradual to allow customers to accept the shift and not look for another product for if customers perceive that USA Today is lacking their interest, it would be crucial for its popularity and acceptance. ) What are the SWOT implications for USA Today as it looks toward the future? What strengths and opportunities can USA Today leverage as it looks for competitive advantage in the distribution of news and information? Strenghts: * America’s first National general interest daily newspaper. This will be an important factor that USA today should leverage and take advantage of the fact of its established name in the field, giving it more perceived establishment and stability rather than its competitors. Part of the Global information Juggernaut Gannett Co, which autonomously gives it more credibility and makes more room for excellence in the future as opposed to single-unit paper with no backing up from stronger, further well established players in the media marketplace. * Buscapade/Jetscapade lead to the overseas success of the paper and lead to an increase in demand, which lead to a start of profitability. * It gives room for later deadlines, which gives it a competitive advantage over its competitors in terms of the quality of news and how fast it reaches readers. This could be leveraged in the future as a reminder of how dedicated USA Today was and has been to its readers, implying its consistency and how its different from its competitors. * USA Today has already leveraged the internet boom into its benefit by introducing one-to-many spin offs, one of which I believe will take over USA Today operations in ten years time; usatoday. com. Excellence is derived from experience, and since usatoday. com has been thriving among a list of other sites is an indicator of how efficient the site is and how with the right innovative combination could dominate the market. Being the first to realize the business traveler gap in the market, it would be very hard for new entrants to enter and try to steal a part of USA Today’s market pie. * Continuous growth is also a great indicator of the paper for ever since its start, its audience has been constantly growing to topple over WSJ and NYT. Thus when USA Today looks at the future, it will have more reason to attract customers than its competitors. Weaknesses: * It took USA Today no less than five years to start entering into the profitability stage, which further reduced its ability to generate enough cash flow for future investments. The re cession, although affected everyone, caused a slump in tourism which affected the business traveler market, causing a decrease in flights, which automatically lead to a decrease in demand by airlines, hotels and restaurants. * Its reputation as a â€Å"Mc Junk† paper during its start could have unanimously affected the papers reputation and determined not only how readers perceive the quality of articles, but who reads it as well. * At one point in the cycle, WSJ reclaimed its position as number one paper, circulation wise. Opportunities: The Internet boom is considered to be double barreled. It will either make or break usatoday. So far, USA Today managed to straddle it by introducing usatoday. com along with its multiple applications and reader-friendly engagement processes. The internet is the most vital opportunity for is USA Today doesn’t manage it properly, with the right innovation and research, competitors will gain more market share, and readers will prefer the more up to date way of getting info. * Technological advancements will make room for greater breakthroughs and eaves room for innovation and further updating products. * The technological and portable technology trend should be taken as an advantage, in integrating USA Today in the lives of readers. * Social network sites being one of the drivers for page view increases should be properly utilized to maintain page views and further increase traffic on the site. * The ability to use recycled fiber will improve the environmental background of the company as well as decrease the cost of newsprint, making production more efficient. Threats: * ) Based on USA Today’s experiences with the print and online news, evaluate the long term potential of printed news and the newspaper publishing industry. Do you believe printed newspapers will continue to survive despite digital competition? So far, USA Today has managed to maintain and keep up with the technological trends that have been leading the market place for years now. As for the industry itself, it has already been threatened excessively by the internet boom showing declines in sales, readership and advertising revenue. And that’s just for now. Who knows how technologically driven customers will be five or ten years from now? Prints might compose part of the market share which has been undoubtedly decreasing over the past couple of years, for the mere fact that elderly, more traditionally oriented readers would not make the switch. That is not to imply that elders are the only readers of prints, but the ones that are unlikely to make the switch. People in their mid thirties and forties will be able to make the change gradually, more smoother than sixty and seventy year olds. The only way to maintain its survival despite digital competition is to cater for the needs of the emerging youth. The only way to ensure existence is by guaranteeing that they can target the youth for without them, USA Today loses hope of ever having the slightest of a susceptible target market. As for the prospects of the industry, it seems as if there’s no light at the end of the tunnel. Internet has now taken over our lives in so many different ways; being a viable source that ensures acquiring information in much faster and more efficient way. The whole idea is how to craft an imposing threat into an opportunity. Usatoday. om was an example, but with the rate of change, and how the trend is diffusing more towards a digitally based environment, prospects for USA Today from the print perspective has no hope. The youth, being a massive factor in how products are produced and marketed, is a reason why prospects for the print industry seem unlikely. Being Internet focused as t hey are, they will remain to evolve and with their evolvement comes the evolvement of their wants and needs which will be technologically based. Hence, ten years from now, its seem less probable that the grown up youth will demand anything less that whats technologically available at the time.

Fundamental Attribution Error Essay

The fundamental attribution error is when a person overestimates the influence of another person’s personality over a remark or behavior rather than giving credit to the influence the situation may have on the person. A famous experiment demonstrating this â€Å"error† was conducted by David Napolitan and George Goethals. In this experiment, they instructed a woman to act either rude and critical, or warm and friendly to each person individually. Half of the group was told that the woman would be acting spontaneously, and the other half was let in on the experiment. The result was that the assumptions about her personality did not change even though half the group had known that she was an actor. Each group assumed that because the woman behaved coldly, her personality was so. Even the group who was told that her behavior was situational had still believed that she was warm and friendly because of the way she was acting in the situation. Many times, we find that we commit this error. If we simply looked at a situation from the other person’s point of view, perhaps they were having a bad day; we would then understand their behavior and perhaps even become sympathetic toward them. This relates to me because I tend to make this error a lot throughout the day. Many times, however, it has to do with my situation as well. For example, if I am having a bad day, it makes me harder to sympathize and/or understand when someone else is having a bad day. It’s like I don’t see it. Their bad attitude is just like another notch of bad onto the belt of bad day: another thing that went wrong. However, if I stop to think about why this person is so snappy, I might be able to see that it is not just the type of person that they are, but it is perhaps the situation that they were put in.

The Applications of Waterjets Essay Essays

The Applications of Waterjets Essay Essays The Applications of Waterjets Essay Essay The Applications of Waterjets Essay Essay In 16’Th century. Toogood and Hays for the first clip proposed waterjet propulsion system. as reported by J. S. Carlton [ 1 ] . At that period of clip. waterjet propulsions were used in high-velocity pleasance trade and work boats. However. in recent old ages. this system has been considered for big high-velocity trades. Consequently. many immense waterjet units have been used in broad scope of ships such as rider and naval trades. The waterjet propulsion is a complex system. On the contrary. the prison guard propellors are simpler. lighter and more efficient than waterjet system. However. the reaching of more efficient pumps. the necessity for seasonably presenting the critical commercial ladings. and the needed manoeuvrability for peculiar vass have made the use of waterjets more attractive. It is normal to split this type of propulsion system into a hull and a waterjet. It has been demonstrated that waterjet-hull interaction can impact the overall efficiency more than 20 % [ 2 ] . Normally. waterjet system is broken down into subsystems and an expressed modular attack is applied to analyse them. In order to measure the interaction between the hull and the jet. a parametric method is used. In 1980. an early part related to the jet-hull interaction is attributed to Etter et Al. [ 3 ] . A complete reappraisal of the bing dealingss for waterjet-hull public presentation is presented by Allison [ 4 ] . Van Terwisga [ 2 ] proposed a parametric propulsion anticipation method for the waterjet driven trade. Several numerical methods were devoted to analyze the flow behaviour in every portion of waterjet system by many research workers whose plants were submitted to the ITT Conference [ 5 ] . A complete design method that utilized the numerical strategy for the analysis of system parts has been used by CCDOTT [ 6 ] . N. W. H. Bulten [ 7 ] used CFD methods to plan and analyse the whole jet system. Besides. a flush-type waterjet propulsion unit was designed with different interior diameter impellers by Moon et Al. [ 8 ] . In a related work. analysis of a waterjet axial pump was performed numerically [ 9 ] . They investigated the public presentation of the axial-flow-type waterjet based on the fluctuation of the impeller tip clearance. The chief differentiation between the process implemented here and the old methods is that the present method applies the empirical. analytical and numerical methods at the same time to make a conceptual design of the waterjet system. By numerical analysis. recess design parametric quantities that describe theoretical account geometry have been specified. Furthermore. a simple two-dimensional recess theoretical account has been used here alternatively of a complex 3-D geometry. By this method. we have an acceptable propulsion system in a short clip. Consequently. a complete jet system design codification has been developed that combines the empirical. analytical and numerical methods. By sing the ship geometry restrictions and hydrodynamic belongingss. this package proposes suited jet conceptual design parametric quantities. Consequently. by utilizing simple 2-D sphere for recess canal and computed force per unit area distributions for different recess angles. an optimal recess has been proposed which leads to minimum losingss and maximal efficiency. 2. Basic Theory of System Waterjet propulsion system has three chief constituents: Inlet. Pump and Nozzle. Figure 1 shows typical waterjet agreement while Figure 2 demonstrates the idealised profile of the jet system. Sea H2O enters the system with the speed and leaves it with a different speed. The mass flow rate of the H2O through the waterjet is given by where and are the country of nozzle mercantile establishment and denseness of H2O. severally. The push produced by the system is equal to the rate of alteration of impulse: Appraisal of Wake ParameterThe waterjet recess provides flow from beneath the ship to the waterjet pump. The waterjet recess is located near the austere country of the ship. and as a consequence influx to the flower waterjet recesss will include a important sum of hull boundary bed flow. This means that for a flush waterjet recess. the flow come ining the waterjet recess has a impulse speed. . which is less than the ship velocity. . due to the inclusion of hull boundary bed flow. The sum of the hull boundary bed flow which is included in the recess flow is of import as it can impact the size. public presentation. and propulsive efficiency of the waterjet pump and must be taken into consideration during the design stage of a waterjet pump. Prediction of the recess impulse speed requires a thorough apprehension of the boundary bed speed profile which is instrumental for appraisal of the boundary bed thickness. where. is the unvarying velocity at far watercourse ( in this instance is considered to be the ship-speed ) and is the speed inside the boundary bed ( but here. it is the flow velocity at the recess due to the boundary bed ) . Figure 5 shows the computed values of aftermath parametric quantity and the boundary bed thickness as maps of ship speed. It is rather obvious that these two important parametric quantities decline as ship speed additions. However. the value of aftermath parametric quantity is about 0. 9 and this parametric quantity could be considered as a changeless measure. 4. Validation of Design Parameters As mentioned before. chief consequences of the current codification in the signifier of mass flow rate. pump caput and power have been compared with the available consequences of design package and theoretical account trial [ 6 ] . A scope of informations made available by the current codification was compared with that provided by the CCDOTT package [ 6 ] . Furthermore. comparing was made between the consequences of the current codification with the CCDOTT experiment for the design point shown in figures 6. 7. and 8. ‘WJ’ mark in comparing figures shows the consequences of the present method. Figure 6 shows the comparing of the mass flow rate for the experimental design point. the current method and fast ferry computed consequences which was offered by CCDOTT [ 6 ] . Besides. figures 7 and 8 present the same comparings for system caput and power. severally. These figures demonstrate that the bing mistakes between the consequences of the current codification and the experimental informations are by and large lower than 5 % . Based on the presented proofs. it can be concluded that the off-design consequences are rather dependable. The off-design consequences become peculiarly of import when the high-speed trade tends to make a maximal velocity over the chief bulge of the speed-resistance curve. because the power which is produced by the engine in off-design status is sometimes lower than the needed value The current codification is capable to calculate the recess country and pump diameter from impulse equation and geometry bounds. Based on these computed consequences. empirical theory was used to foretell the system losingss and basic geometrical parametric quantities. It was found that egg-shaped recesss have more advantages than the rectangular recesss. Experiments show that egg-shaped recess geometry with aspect ratio of 1. 3 is the best recess signifier for flush type jet [ 2 ] . Figure 9 shows the parameterized geometry of the recess profile. Obviously. a just recess profile has many advantages. but sometimes transom geometry and aft signifier of ship impose restrictions. To study the recess profile form and to analyse the flow over this sphere. some geometrical parametric quantities have been defined. Cavitation and separation could happen at two points at different recess speed ratios [ 11 ] . Figures 10 and 11 show the places of the cavitation and separation phenomena at low and high recess speed ratios. severally. The chance of cavitation happening was shown by the current work to be a map of the recess angle. ramp radius among other design parametric quantities. In the interim. Inlet angle was found to be the most influential parametric quantity which affects the cavitation happening and as such. the best recess angle was determined. Based on this observation. it was decided that commanding of the cavitation happening be done throughfluctuation of the recess angle while maintaining other parametric quantities constan t. Numeric Analysis of the Inlet DuctWhen planing a high-velocity waterjet recess. it is hard to accomplish an optimal design that is both efficient and has low drag. This is because cavitation occurs in the H2O that is unfavourable to both retarding force and efficiency. Cavitation by and large occurs when the local force per unit area on a organic structure traveling in a fluid drops to or below the vapor force per unit area of the fluid. When making the vapour force per unit area. little â€Å"bubbles† or pits are produced. These pits will fall in when they reach a higher-pressure part and do a little â€Å"water hammer† to organize. This phenomenon is called cavitation. Cavitation can bring forth the negative effects of noise. quiver. and eroding or harm to the recess. and hence. must be avoided in order to safeguard the efficiency and the retarding force. RANS2 codification has been used to happen force per unit area distribution around the recess canal. Planar geometry of waterjet recess canal has been modeled. Additionally. a rectangular part is constructed around the hull to stand for the boundaries of the ocean. Since the ocean is non really bounded. those boundaries will hold to either be placed adequately far off from the ship hull and defined as a wall. or placed closer to the hull to cut down the size of the job and defined as an gap. Once the mold was accomplished. an recess canal was analyzed for four different recess angles runing from 26 to 34 grades. and minimal force per unit area at the given recess angles were compared against the numerical findings of CCDOTT group [ 6 ] . This comparing in Figure 12 shows a good understanding between the proof base and numerical computations. Choice of the recess angle was done based on two different design considerations ; suited length of propulsion system and turning away of cavitation. Finding the optimal recess angle requires a test and mistake advancement. Consequently. a big angle was selected and possibility of cavitation was examined. gratuitous to state that presuming a proper safety factor is really of import in this advancement. Cavitation figure is defined as: ( 22 )When â€Å"† . cavitation starts. This implies that high cavitation Numberss give less hazard for cavitation. Figure 13 shows contours of cavitation Numberss in XY plane while Figure 14 presents the cavitation figure at the center line of the system for two different recess angles. These figures could furthermore bespeak how and where the cavitation could happen. Figure 14 shows how the system will run at a design velocity scope without cavitation at the recess incline when the recess angle becomes 26 grades. View old figure3-D analysis of recess canal which was done by CCDOTT shows that the minimal force per unit area occurs at the center line. On the other manus. the consequences of the current survey have good conformance with those of the mentioned 3D analysis. Therefore. Figure 14 could be considered as a dependable beginning for planing the recess canal. 7. Decision Coincident achievement of the conceptual and basic design every bit good as the analysis of waterjet propulsion system in a individual procedure is a cumbrous undertaking. Many analytic and empirical methods have been proposed to measure the influential parametric quantities of this system. Numeric methods are used for the analysis of the system public presentation. albeit non in a design procedure. In the current work. a peculiar method has been presented which covers all phases of the design and the analysis of waterjet propulsion system which has besides been validated by dependable consequences. Two different codifications have been developed. one for the analytical appraisal of the chief waterjet propulsion system parametric quantities and the other of numerical probe of the recess canal impacts. In the current strategy. a practical method is used to foretell the powering features of systems. Prediction of the public presentation of the waterjet system at the design point starts with finding of the needed push. jet diameter. shaft HP. and RPM which is done by a developed computing machine plan. During the elaborate hydrodynamic optimisation survey. the RPM. radial blade lading distribution. and other parametric quantities of the waterjet were varied to get at the optimal design for this power degree. Computed values of flow rate. caput rise. and power versus the speed ratio were compared against before reported experimental and numerical consequences. These comparings demonstrated good understandings bespeaking that the separate handling of the waterjet and hull designing procedure appears to be rather possible. The adoptive attack leads to a set of parametric dealingss that describes the interaction between the hull and the waterjet system. Because of this modular attack. the consequences can merely be refined during the design procedure of the vas. Empirical dealingss have been used for preliminary appraisal of the needed power for the vas. From this deliberate push and the assessed internal losingss in the waterjet system. the needed pump power can be found. Possible cavitation at the recess canal leads to erosion or quivers which must be avoided. In this paper. cavitation features at the recess were found by looking at the force per unit area distribution of the H2O around the recess gap. Consequently. the possibility of cavitation was investigated and controlled by close examination of the cavitation figure. Along the same line. optimal recess geometry was found based on the observation of force per unit area distributions at different recess angles. This whole procedure was achieved by a 2-D numerical codification written for the flow probe at the recess of the waterjet system. Numeric findings of the current 2-D codification compared with the earlier consequences of the 3-D mold show an first-class lucifer between the force per unit area distributions. As a consequence. one may reason that a drawn-out procedure of 3-D calculation can so be avoided and that similar consequences can easy be achieved by a 2-D analysis which is a less arduous procedure and saves much computational clip. Main geometrical parametric quantities for the design of waterjet propulsion system have been determined by the present method. By using these of import parametric quantities. a interior decorator is able to foretell the waterjet public presentation on a ship before geting at the basic design phase. Gratuitous to state that there are other considerations that must be taken into history which include necessary figure of jets. place of the propulsion system. and the consequence of the system on compartmental agreement of the ship.Notes 1Center for the Commercial Deployment of Transportation Technologies [ 1 ]Carlton. J. S. ( John S. ) . â€Å"Marine Propeller and Propulsion† . Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann. 1994T. J. C. Van Terwisga. â€Å"A Parametric Propulsion Prediction Method For Waterjet Driven Craft† . Fast’97 Conference. paper No. 151. 1997. In articleT. J. C. Van Terwisga. â€Å"A Parametric Propulsion Prediction Method For Waterjet Driven Craft† . Fast’97 Conference. paper No. 151. 1997. In articleEtter. R. J. . Krishnamoorthy. V. and Sherer. J. O. . â€Å"Model Testing of waterjet Propelled Draft† . Proceedings of the 19th ATTC. 1980. In articleAllison. J. L. . â€Å"Marine Waterjet Propulsion† . SNAME Annual meeting. New York. 1993. In articleITTC. â€Å"The Specialist Committee on Waterjets† . 22th ITTC. InternationalTowing Tank Conference. 1998. In articleStanley Wheatley. â€Å"Development of a High-speed Sealift Waterjet Propulsion System† . Final Report. Center for the Commercial Deployment of Transportation Technologies California State University. Long Beach Foundation. September 30. 2003. In articleBulten. N. W. H. . â€Å"Numerical Analysis of Waterjet Propulsion System† . PhD Thesis. Technical University of Eindhoven. 2006. In articleMoon-Chan Kim. Ho-Hwan Chun. â€Å"Experimental Investigation into the public presentation of the Axial-Flow-Type Waterjet harmonizing to the Variation of Impeller Tip Clearance† . Ocean Engineering 34. pp. 275-283. 2007.

Use of Instant Messaging in Business essays

Use of Instant Messaging in Business essays This is a feasibility study for Clinical Study Applications, Inc. on the need for, and benefits of, installing and utilizing a real-time instant messaging communications program for use between CSA's offices in Arizona and Wisconsin. The paper will look at the technology involved in computer based instance messaging software, (IM), the various instant messaging packages available, and what can be the advantages for companies whose employees use instant messaging to communicate between offices or while on the road. This study will also address concerns such as the security issues and potential abuse of instant messaging, and how these concerns can be Instant messaging was once the domain of teenagers who had found the high-tech equivalent to passing notes in class. They used the Internet and on-line services to chat from their computers. Nevertheless, with 600 million messages being sent on a daily with America Online's messaging service alone, plus the huge volume of messages being sent by other popular instant messaging services such as Yahoo, ICR, MSN Messenger and Lycos Instant Messenger, use of this service has clearly moved to the mainstream. Adults inside and outside of the office find instant messaging an easy, convenient way to communicate with friends, family and colleagues with more immediacy than e-mail and without the expense of long-distance cell and In addition there has been rapid growth in what is called short message service, (SMS), on mobile phones. This means that the same types of short "instant" messages that are being sent over the Internet are now being sent to and/or between mobile devices, most commonly phones. According to Uday Shukla, (2002), enterprise use of IM is growing at approximately 20 percent annually, and is expected to be in use by 70 percent of all companies by the end of 2002. By 2005, the use of instance messaging ...

Analysis of a System, Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of a System, - Case Study Example The system of this kind is called transport intelligent systems. From the case study on the city highway, it was thought of as the stock of flowing traffic. Therefore, a stock is a foundation of every system (Meadows, 2008). Here the stocks are traffic flows, road, traffic lights, etc. because they can be measured, counted, and visible all the time. 1 Traffic flow variation on the scale of years or decade implies a reduction or an increase in the volume. For an increase in traffic flow means increase in the number of private vehicles amidst the public vehicles while the road network within the city remains constant. Within a decade, traffic flow can be reduced when the number of private vehicles is reduced and the number of public vehicles and increase and also increasing the road network within the city 2 Traffic flow can vary by day of week and/ hours of the day through creating many access ways to the city centre to reduce traffic congestion on the road. Traffic flow can be high on the working day of the week especially when there is a significant event taking place, for example, national celebrations such as Independence Day, etc. and on this day traffic flow become so high compared to any other days of the week. Traffic flow can in hours of the day, taking the morning hours (starting from 7:00 am to 8:30 am) when people are rushing to their work. At this time the traffic, volume is very high and reduces starting from 9:00 am when most people have reached their workplaces (Meadows, 2008). Then from 5:00 pm, the traffic flow starts increasing up to 7:00 pm when most people have reached their homes. 3 Traffic flow can vary with distance from the city due to presence of junction on the road; where there is a road junction at far distance from the road traffic diverts and leave the city centre with less traffic therefore leading to a reduction in traffic flow. Where there is a road

Home Depot's Blueprint for Culture Change Research Paper

Home Depot's Blueprint for Culture Change - Research Paper Example One of the greatest levels of inference that this can help to provide is with respect to the deviation that oftentimes occurs between the real world application of theory as compared to the academic interpretation for theoretical models and approaches. Firstly, Kotter and Cohen present what they term as the first stage of the eight step plan. Within this first stage, three particular steps are evidenced. These are as follows: increasing urgency, building what they term as â€Å"guiding teams,† and getting the right vision. It can immediately be inferred that they engaged with each and every one of these. Firstly, the urgency was created within the corporate level and soon diffused to the lower middle management within the entity. Secondly, it can be directly noted that the implementation of guiding teams was something that Nardelli placed a high emphasis upon. Although it would have been nice to see these guiding teams leverage a further degree of information rather than merel y seeking to implement a rather vague vision. Further, with regards to the last step in this three-step first stage, the actual vision creation and definition that Nardelli sought to engage within Home Depot was largely lacking. Although it is obvious that a new CEO was to seek to leverage increased profitability and maintain sales in an era of growing complexity and competition, the actual means by which this was to be effected were not presented in a step-by-step metric that the reader was able to follow in any discernible or applicable way. Similarly, the second stage of Kotter and Cohen’s eight step plan for instituting change is what is termed as â€Å"engaging and enabling the organization.† This stage includes the following: communication for buy-in, enablement of action, and creation of short-term wins. The is the particular stage of Kotter and Cohen’s process that Nardelli accomplished so effectively and to such a high degree, most likely providing this particular change approach with the degree of success that it ultimately achieved. By interacting with the respective stakeholders of this change process early, the communication for buy-in was related to them and understanding of the need for action was enabled. A more difficult part of this process is allowing for a situation in which short-term wins can be created so that stakeholders not only are continually cognizant of the process but also are aware of the fact that the changes that they have thus far implemented have reflected positively and will allow for future success. However, even though this is difficult, it was achieved by Nardelli in the fact that the changes in approach were proven successful to the stakeholders by increased sales numbers and profitability (Charan, 2006). Moreover, even though the cultural change that was implemented forced many individuals within middle management out of their respective comfort zones, it also allowed for a reconsideration of the a version to paperwork and central procedures that have thus far pervaded the entire business. The final stage of Kotter and Cohen’s eight step process is what is termed as implementing and sustaining change. Within this particular stage exist the following two steps: not letting up and making the idea / change stick. Although it might be easy to say that there are verified statistics that help to prove that Nardelli did not